Who owns the US debt?

U.S. debt is owned by a mix of domestic and foreign entities, primarily: U.S. investors (individuals, mutual funds, banks, pension funds), the Federal Reserve, and U.S. government trust funds (like Social Security), along with foreign governments and investors (with Japan and China being major holders). About two-thirds is held by the public (domestic and foreign), while the rest is "intragovernmental" debt held by federal agencies.

What country owns most U.S. debt?

Japan holds the most U.S. debt among foreign countries, followed by the United Kingdom, and then China, with Japan consistently topping the list for several years, though China held the top spot from 2009-2019. These countries purchase U.S. Treasury securities as safe investments, with the U.S. government also holding a significant portion of its debt internally.
 

How much does China owe the USA?

China holds a significant amount of U.S. debt, primarily in Treasury bonds, with recent figures (late 2024/early 2025) showing China owning around $750-$800 billion in U.S. securities, making it the second-largest foreign holder after Japan, though this is a smaller percentage of the total U.S. debt. This amount fluctuates as China has been reducing its holdings, but it represents loans from China to the U.S. government, not a debt the U.S. owes to China in a punitive way, but rather investments in U.S. assets. 

Which country owns the highest debt in the world?

🇺🇸 U.S. The United States continues to lead with $38.3 trillion in government debt, which accounts for just over one third of the global debt pile. China and Japan follow with $18.7 trillion and $9.8 trillion respectively, meaning the top three countries combined account for 60% of the world's debt.

Why can't the US get out of debt?

The U.S. doesn't pay off its national debt because it consistently spends more than it collects in revenue, creating annual deficits that add to the debt, while also using debt to fund investments and maintain the global financial system, making large cuts or tax hikes politically challenging and unpopular. Instead of paying it down, the government often borrows more to service existing debt, relying on the U.S. dollar's reserve currency status and a stable economy to attract investors, but faces growing risks from escalating interest payments and potential loss of confidence. 

Who does the US Owe its $35 Trillion debt? (National Debt Explained)

How many Americans are 100% debt free?

Around 23% of Americans are debt free, according to the most recent data available from the Federal Reserve.

Who owns over 70% of the US debt?

Who owns the most U.S. debt? Around 70-80 percent of U.S. debt is held by domestic financial actors and institutions in the United States. U.S. Treasuries represent a convenient, liquid, low-risk store of value.

Which country has zero debt?

As the world's biggest gambling hub, Macao SAR has zero debt, bolstered by billions in gaming revenue and healthy financial reserves. Liechtenstein ranks in second, with virtually no debt and the only country in Europe ranking in the top 10.

Who does the US owe 36 trillion to?

The U.S. owes its $36 trillion national debt to a mix of domestic investors (like banks, mutual funds, and individuals), U.S. government accounts (like Social Security), the Federal Reserve, and foreign investors, with Japan, the UK, and China being the largest foreign holders, primarily through purchasing U.S. Treasury bonds. The largest portion is held domestically, but foreign entities hold trillions, making countries like Japan and China significant lenders.
 

Who is the largest loan taker from the World Bank?

“India tops the World Bank charts—not for begging, but for building. $39.3B isn't debt—it's investment in the future. While others borrow to survive, India borrows to scale.”

Who borrowed from Social Security?

The U.S. Federal Government borrows from Social Security's trust funds (OASI & DI) by investing surplus payroll taxes into special Treasury securities, using the money for general spending like wars or tax cuts, and promising to repay it later with interest; this is a standard practice, not stealing, but it shifts future obligations, with presidents from Johnson to Bush (and beyond) participating in this "intragovernmental borrowing," which is essentially an IOU from the government to itself, backed by the "full faith and credit" of the U.S. 

Who owns U.S. debt 2025?

U.S. debt in 2025 is owned by a mix of domestic and foreign entities, with roughly 80% held by the public (investors, financial institutions, households) and 20% by government accounts (like Social Security), with major holders including U.S. investors (mutual funds, banks, pensions), the Federal Reserve, and foreign governments (Japan, China, UK), making the U.S. itself the biggest holder through intragovernmental holdings.
 

Can the US print money to pay off debt?

Shortly after the founding of the Federal Reserve, the U.S. Treasury adopted policies that induced the Fed to monetize government debt. Monetizing debt means the government borrows money to buy goods and then repays its debt by printing more money.

Has America ever paid off its debt?

Yes, the U.S. paid off its entire national debt for the only time in history on January 1, 1835, under President Andrew Jackson, primarily from land sales and budget surpluses, but it was short-lived, with debt reappearing quickly and growing again due to economic events like the Panic of 1837, leading to continuous borrowing since. 

Why doesn't China call in U.S. debt?

Treasury bonds are freely traded financial instruments, China cannot —nor can any other creditor—simply demand a repayment at their will. Additionally, because the U.S. controls its own currency, it has the ability to manage its debt through fiscal and monetary policies.

Who buys US government debt?

U.S. debt is bought by a mix of domestic and foreign investors, including the Federal Reserve, mutual funds, pension funds, banks, individual citizens, and foreign governments (primarily Japan, China, and the UK), essentially anyone looking for a safe investment in Treasury securities. These investors buy U.S. Treasury bonds, notes, and bills as a secure way to earn returns, with large portions held by U.S. entities like the Federal Reserve and private investors, alongside significant foreign holdings.
 

Can the USA get out of debt?

There are a number of methods to reduce the U.S. national debt that go beyond raising taxes and cutting discretionary spending. One of the most controversial is to open the nation's borders to more immigration, kick-starting entrepreneurship and consumption.

Who got the US debt to 0?

The U.S. has had debt since its inception. Our records show that debts incurred during the American Revolutionary War amounted to $75,463,476.52 by January 1, 1791. Over the following 45 years, the debt grew. Notably, the public debt actually shrank to zero by January 1835, under President Andrew Jackson.

What would happen if the US paid off all its debt?

If the U.S. paid off all its debt, it would trigger an economic crisis by eliminating safe investment options (Treasury bonds), causing a massive cash glut, crashing interest rates, disrupting monetary policy (Federal Reserve operations), forcing cuts in government services/spending, and potentially leading to a depression as the economy would lose its primary safe asset, disrupting the entire global financial system that relies on U.S. debt. The process itself, whether through extreme taxes or printing money, would likely cause hyperinflation or deep recession, while the end result removes a critical benchmark for the global economy.
 

What country has the worst debt?

The country with the worst debt depends on how you measure it, but Sudan often leads in debt-to-GDP ratio (around 250%+) due to conflict, while Japan has the highest among developed nations (over 230%), and the United States holds the largest absolute debt (trillions). Other nations with very high debt-to-GDP include Singapore, Greece, and Italy, with emerging economies like Sri Lanka, Laos, and Pakistan also facing severe distress. 

Does Russia have a national debt?

Yes, Russia has a national debt, but it's relatively low compared to many developed countries, with its government debt to GDP ratio hovering around 16-20% in recent years (2023-2024), though it can fluctuate, and the country maintains significant cash reserves, meaning most of its debt is domestic. While Russia's total gross debt includes substantial private (corporate) debt, its public debt remains manageable, with low external debt and large reserves, making it financially resilient despite sanctions, notes The Moscow Times and Trading Economics. 

Who owes the US the most money?

The U.S. owes the most money to its own domestic investors and government entities, holding the largest portion of its national debt, but among foreign countries, Japan is the largest holder of U.S. debt, followed by the United Kingdom and China, who consistently rank as the top foreign creditors. 

What is the highest US debt ever?

The highest U.S. national debt ever in absolute dollar terms is over $38 trillion, a record hit in late 2025, with figures surpassing $38 trillion and climbing towards $39 trillion by late 2025/early 2026, marking the fastest accumulation of trillions outside of pandemic spending. While the dollar amount is a record high, the debt-to-GDP ratio, a better measure of debt burden, exceeded 100% in 2013 and reached about 124% by fiscal year 2025, nearing its all-time peak from World War II.
 

Who was the last president to balance the US budget?

The last president to oversee a balanced federal budget was Bill Clinton, whose administration achieved budget surpluses for four consecutive years, from fiscal years 1998 to 2001, marking the first sustained period of budget balance in decades. This rare feat was due to a combination of economic growth, spending cuts, and tax increases, and it ended with the start of the new millennium, after which deficits returned. 

How much does the government owe for social security?

The government "owes" Social Security trillions because it borrowed surplus payroll taxes for other spending, creating an intragovernmental debt (like IOUs) held as U.S. Treasury securities, with estimates around $2.4 to $2.7 trillion in the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Funds as of late 2024/mid-2025, which must be repaid from future revenues or borrowing to pay current and future benefits. This debt is part of the larger national debt and represents future obligations that current tax collections aren't fully covering, requiring increased borrowing or reforms.